An assessment of land cover change as a source of information for conservation planning in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve
一个关于土地利用覆盖变化的评估可以作为Vhembe生物圈保护区水土保持规划的信息来源
ABSTRACT 摘要
Determining changes in land use/land cover (LULCC) can be used to assess and monitor habitat loss as one of the five global priority causes of biodiversity loss.土地利用/土地覆盖中确定的变化 (LULCC) 可以用来评估和监测栖息地丧失，栖息地丧失是生物多样性丧失的五个全球优先原因之一。In South Africa, two national land-cover (NLC) datasets have been developed from satellite imagery obtained in circa 1990 and 2013/2014. 在南非，两个国家土地覆盖数据集（NLC）已经从大约1990和2013/2014年获取的卫星影像中发展得到。The Vhembe Biosphere Reserve (VBR), designated in 2009, is located in the north of the Limpopo Province in South Africa and has a surface area of 30,457 km 2 . Vhembe生物圈保护区成立于2009年，位于南非的林波波省北部，面积为30，457平方公里。The aim of biosphere reserves is to provide a landscape-scale framework for conservation and sustainable development of an area. 生物圈保护区的目的是为一个地区的保护和可持续发展提供一个景观尺度框架。The area within a biosphere reserve is prioritised by designating it into one of three zones 1) Core, 2) Buffer, and 3) Transitional Zones. 生物圈保护区内的区域首先被分为核心区、缓冲区和过渡区其中的一个。Two national parks and six provincial reserves (PAs) are the current and form part of the proposed updated core areas (pCAs) of the VBR.两个国家公园和六个省级保护区(PAs)是VBR拟议更新的的核心区的主要部分。 Intensity analyses was used to assess LULCC in the VBR. 强度分析被用来评估VBR中的土地利用/土地覆盖变化。The pCAs cover 39.7% of the surface area of the VBR. 拟议更新的核心领域占VBR面积的39.7%。The PAs cover 39.7% and only 15.8% of the surface area of the pCAs and VBR respectively.省级保护区分别占拟议更新核心领域面积的39.7% 和VBR面积的 15.8% 。Based on the NLC 2013/2014 a majority of the VBR, pCAs and PAs consisted of indigenous vegetation dominated by Woodland/Open bush, Grassland, and Thicket/Dense bush.基于NLC 2013/2014大多数的VBR, 拟议更新的的核心区和 省级保护区被原始植被组成，主要包括林地/开放灌木，草地和丛林/茂密的灌木丛。 The extent of transformed land in the VBR declined from 1990 to 2013 by 1697.7 km 2 . 在VBR中改造土地的程度从1990年到2013年减少了1697.7平方公里。The total amount of change and mean annual change in the VBR was 53.1% and 2.31% respectively. VBR的总的变化量和年平均变化分别为53.1％和2.31％。The overexploitation of fuel wood by rural communities in rural areas of the VBR, was partly responsible for the targeted loss of Woodland/Open bush to Thicket/Dense bush and Grasslands. 木质燃料被VBR农村地区的农村社区过度开发对林地/开放灌木，草地和丛林/茂密灌木丛的损失负有部分责任。The unquantified presence of novel vegetation and alien invasive plants means that the NLC 1990 and 2013/2014 overestimates the quantity and distribution of the remaining indigenous vegetation in the VBR.新植被和外来入侵植物的存在未被量化意味着NLC 1990 and 2013/2014对VBR中剩余的原有植被的数量和分布做出了过高的估计。 In order to address this the distribution of alien and indigenous invasive plant species in the VBR needs to be determined and used to update future NLCs. 为了解决这一问题，VBR中外来的和本土的入侵植物种需要被重新判定并被用来更新将来的NLCs。Assuming a worse-case-scenario of all the coal deposits in the VBR, including the Kruger National Park, being mined it would amount to 24.7% of the surface area of the VBR. 假设VBR中包括克鲁格国家公园在内的所有煤炭矿床的情况更糟，开采量将占到VBR地表面积的24.7%。Only 6.8% of the area of all the coal deposits in the VBR was transformed with 93.2% currently remaining untransformed.VBR中所有煤矿藏量面积的中仅有6.8％被改变，现有剩余93.2％未被转变。 It is recommended that transformation of indigenous vegetation to one of the seven transformed land cover categories and more specifically from coal mining should be restricted to the VBRs Transition Zones.建议将原有植被转变为七个改造的土地覆盖类别之一，特别是煤炭开采应被严格限定于VBR的缓冲地带。
- Introduction 引言
Remotely sensed imagery, obtained at different times, has made possible the development of land use land cover databases and the subsequent assessment of changes in land use land cover (LULCC) (Jewitt, Goodman, Erasmus, Orsquo;Connor, amp; Witkowski, 2015; Zhou, Huang, Pontius, amp; Hong, 2014). 不同时期获取的遥感图像使得土地利用土地覆盖数据库的发展和随后的土地利用土地覆盖变化的评估成为可能。Determining LULCC can be used to assess and monitor habitat loss as one of the five global priority causes of biodiversity loss (Noonan-Mooney amp; Gibb, 2014). 土地利用/土地覆盖中确定的变化可以用来评估和监测栖息地丧失，栖息地丧失是生物多样性丧失的五个全球优先原因之一。Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation affects ecosystem processes and resilience and the provision of ecosystem services (Zari, 2014). 栖息地的丧失、退化和破碎化影响生态系统的过程和恢复能力以及所提供的生态系统服务。The other four global conservation priorities are the over-exploitation of natural resources (e.g. extraction of fuel wood), invasion of non-native (alien) species, nutrient loading and pollution, and human induced climate change (Noonan-Mooney amp; Gibb, 2014).其他四个生物多样性丧失的全球优先原因分别是自然资源的过度开发（如燃料木材的提取），非本地（外来的）物种入侵，营养负荷与污染以及人类引起的气候变化。
A land cover changes in one of three ways either through gains, losses or swaps. 土地覆盖变化通过以下三种方式之一：获得，损耗和交换。A swap occurs when, between two time intervals, a land cover category looses a given sized surface area and then gains an equivalent sized surface area in another geographic locality (Pontius, Shusas, amp; McEachern, 2004). 在两个时间间隔内一个土地覆盖类别失去一个给定大小的表面积，然后从另一个地理位置得到同等大小的表面积即为交换。Intensity analyses (Aldwaik amp; Pontius, 2012; Pontius et al., 2004) was developed to assess LULCC at three interrelated levels. 强度分析被发展用来从三个相互关联的水平去去评价土地利用/土地覆盖的变化。The first or interval level analyses determines how the rate and size of change varies within one or between two or more time intervals (Aldwaik amp; Pontius, 2012). 第一或区间层次分析确定了变化的速率和尺寸在一个或两个或更多的时间间隔之间如何变化。The second or category level determines how the rate and intensity of gross gains and losses for each land cover category changes across categories within one or between two or more time intervals (Aldwaik amp; Pontius, 2012). 第二或类别层次决定了在一个或两个或更多时间间隔中，各个类别中每个土地覆盖类别总的获得和损耗的速率和强度。At the categorical level the intensity of gains and losses are calculated by taking the surface area of each land cover category into account which distinguishes between small but significant changes against a dominant background of stasis of each land cover category. 在分类层面上，通过计算每一土地覆盖类型的表面积，计算出各土地覆盖类型停滞的主要背景，区分小的和显著的变化，从而计算出获得和损失的强度。The final or transition level analyses assesses how the rate and intensity of a categorys transitions to or from other available categories changes within one or between two or more time intervals (Aldwaik amp; Pontius, 2012).最终或过度层次分析评估了在一个或两个或更多时间间隔内，一个类别转变为另一个可能的类别或由另一个转变而来的速率和强度。
In South Africa, two national land-cover (NLC) datasets have been developed from satellite imagery obtained in circa 1990 and 2013/2014-NLC 1990 and NLC 2013/2014 (Geoterraimage, 2015a, b).在南非，从大约1990 and 2013/2014-NLC 1990 and NLC 2013/2014 获得的卫星影像中两个国家土地覆盖数据集已近发展They were developed using the same method, they have the same legend categ得到。ories and they were mapped at the same spatial resolution (30 m) (Geoterraimage, 2015a, b). 它们用同样的方法发展得到，拥有相同的类别图例并且有同样的空间分辨率（30m）。NLC 1990 and NLC2013/2014 are avaluable resource for assessing LULCC over a 23 year period (1990-2013). NLC 1990 and NLC2013/2014是用来评估一个超过23年（1990-2013）的土地利用/土地覆盖变化的宝贵资源。Two additional NLCs are available for 1994 and 2000 but were not developed using the same method, have differing legend categories, and were mapped at different spatial resolutions to each other and to NLC 1990 and 2013/14.两个额外的 NLCs 可用于1994和2000但彼此之间以及和NLC 1990、 2013/14采用不同的发展方法，不同的类别图例和不同的地图空间分辨率。 NLC 1994 and NLC 2000 cannot be easily compared with each other or with the NLC 1990 and NLC 2013/2014.NLC 1994 和 NLC 2000彼此之间以及和NLC 1990 、NLC 2013/2014不能简单的比较。
The Vhembe Biosphere Reserve (VBR) (Figs. 1e3), designated in 2009, is located in the north of the Limpopo Province in South Africa and has a surface area of 30,457 km 2 (Fig. 1). Vhembe生物圈保护区成立于2009年，位于南非的林波波省北部，面积为30，457平方公里。To the north it shares a border with Botswana and Zimbabwe and in the east with Mozambique (Fig. 2). 在北部，它与博茨瓦纳和津巴布韦接壤，东部与莫桑比克接壤（图2）。It ranges in altitude from 300 m asl in the south east to its highest points on Mount Lajuma (1747 m asl) and Blouberg (2015 m asl) (Mucina amp; Rutherford, 2006) to the west (Fig. 2). 它的范围从东南部海拔300米到在布劳山（1747m）和卢瑟福山（2015m）的最高点以西。The area contains two national parks (Kruger and Mapungubwe National Parks) and six provincial nature reserves (Fig. 3). 该区域包含两个国家公园（克鲁格和马篷古布韦国家公园）和六个省级自然保护区（图3）。Mapungubwe National Park is also a World Heritage Site and the northern section of the Kruger National Park, along the Limpopo River, is also a RAMSAR site.马篷古布韦国家公园同样是世界遗产地，克鲁格国家公园北部沿林波波河地带是拉姆萨尔湿地。Wetlands of international importance, RAMSAR sites, are identified in accordance with internationally agreed criteria contained in the Convention on Wetlands (aka RAMSAR Convention) (Ramsar Convention Secretariat, 2016).国际重要湿地拉姆萨尔湿地根据关于湿地的国际会议接受同意确立的（又名湿地公约）。The Convention on Wetlands is an intergovernmental treaty whose mission is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world” (Ramsar Convention Secretariat, 2016). 湿地公约是一个政府间条约，其使命是“保护明智地使用当地的、区域的和国家的行动以及国际合作来利用湿地，作为对实现全球可持续发展做出的贡献”（湿地公约秘书处，2016）。The Soutpansberg Mountains are a prominent feature oriented in an east-west direction near the centre of the VBR (Fig. 3). 索特潘斯山是位于VBR中心附近东西方向的显著地物。The natural vegetation of the VBR consists of primarily savanna, grasslands, forests and wetlands (Hahn, 2006). VBR的自然植被主要由稀树草原、草原、森林和湿地组成。Indicative of the high biodiversity of the VBR is that it contains 533 species or 63%, of South Africas total of 850 bird species (Evans SW unpublished data). VBR高的生物多样性象征在于它包含了533种或者南非鸟类总数850种的63％（Evans SW未发表的数据）。In addition, 27 genera and 17 families of plants are endemic to the VBR (Hahn,1994). 此外VBR拥有27属17科特有植物种类。The VBR has a human population of approximately 1.4 million mostly rural people.VBR人口约占140万，主要是农村人口。The land tenure system is distributed between local rural communities, private ownership and state owned land.土地所有权制度是在地方农村社区、私人所有制和国有土地之间分配的。
The aim of biosphere reserves is to provide a landscape-scale framework for conservation and sustainable development of an area (Pool-Stanvliet, 2013). 生物圈保护区的目的是为一个地区的保护和可持续发展提供一个景观尺度框架。The area within a biosphere reserve is prioritised by designating it into one of three zones (Pool-Stanvliet, 2013).生物圈保护区内的区域首先被分为三个区域之一。 The lsquo;core zonesrsquo; have some form of legal long term protection status and are the priority areas for conserving the biodiversity of the biosphere and for developments (e.g. tourism) that are compatible with this. “核心区”具有某种形式的法律长期保护，并且是保护生物圈生物多样性和与之相适应的发展（例如旅游业）的优先领域。The lsquo;buffer zonesrsquo; usually surround the core zones buffering them from the impacts of activities in the transition zones and visa versa. “缓冲区”通常环绕核心区域，缓冲它们在过渡区活动的影响，反之亦然。lsquo;Transition zonesrsquo;are areas that have not been selected as core or buffer zones. “过渡区”是指没有被选定为核心或缓冲区的地区。Limited sustainable developments, that do not adversely impact on the core zones, should occur in the buffer zones, with the majority of sustainable developments occurring in the transition zones.有限的可持续发展对核心区域不产生不利影响, 应发生在缓冲区, 大部分可持续发展应发生在过渡区。。
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