大麦籽粒淀粉含量的QTL定位研究进展
摘要:大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)是世界上第四大禾谷类作物,在全球范围内广泛种植。大麦历来是我国的主要小宗作物,作为藏区主粮、畜牧业饲料及啤酒麦芽工业原料,在我国农业生产、经济发展和社会稳定中起着重要作用。大麦淀粉分子是由葡萄糖单体以alpha;-1,4-糖苷键和alpha;-1,6-糖苷键连接在一起构成葡聚糖高聚物,按照结构上分支程度的大小分为直链淀粉和支链淀粉两类。淀粉粒的形态和大小在不同谷物成熟籽粒中存在明显差异,淀粉的理化及功能特性评价主要有糊化、老化/回生、膨胀等特性指标。淀粉在植物体内合成途径较为复杂,有较多的酶参与淀粉的合成与分解。大麦的淀粉含量影响作物的农艺与品质性状。前人关于大麦淀粉含量相关QTL定位研究发现其染色体组1H、2H、3H、4H、5H与7H上均有相关QTLs分布。本文综述前人在大麦籽粒淀粉含量的QTL定位研究方面的最新研究成果,为将来改良大麦品质性状和开发高淀粉含量大麦新品种提供理论依据。
关键词:大麦;淀粉含量;淀粉合成;品质性状;QTL定位
Advances in QTL Mapping for Starch Content in Barley Grains
Abstract: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth largest cereal crop in the world and is widely cultivated worldwide. Barley has always been the main staple crop in China. As the main grain in Tibetan areas, animal husbandry feed and beer malt industrial raw materials, barley plays an important role in agricultural production, economic development and social stability in China. Barley starch is composed of alpha;-1,4-glycosidic linkages and alpha;-1,6-glycosidic linkages of glucose monomers to form glucan polymers, which are divided into amylose and amylopectin according to the degree of branching. The morphology and size of starch granules are significantly different in different grain mature grains. The physicochemical and functional properties of starch are mainly evaluated by gelatinization, aging / retrogradation and swelling. The synthesis of starch in plants is complex, and there are more enzymes involved in the synthesis and decomposition of starch. The starch content of barley affects the agronomic and quality traits of crops. Previous studies on QTL mapping related to barley starch content found that QTLs were distributed on chromosome groups 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H and 7H. In this paper, the latest research results on QTL mapping of self-supporting starch content in barley were reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for improving barley quality traits and developing new barley varieties with high starch content in the future.
Key words : barley ; starch content ; starch synthesis ; quality traits ; QTL Mapping
大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)是禾本科、大麦属一年生草本植物,是世界上最古老的种植作物之一,种植面积仅次于玉米、水稻和小麦[1-2]。其生长环境广泛,在中国南北各地均有栽培。淀粉是成熟大麦籽粒胚乳中的主要贮藏物质,是其重要成分之一。籽粒中的淀粉含量高低直接决定其用途,如用作啤酒原料时,淀粉作为啤酒酿造工艺中糖化作用的主要底物,经糊化、水解产生大量发酵糖类,成为麦芽浸出物的主要成分,其质量和数量与啤酒工业的经济效益直接相关[3]。淀粉由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成,直链淀粉/支链淀粉的比值决定淀粉的性质,淀粉总含量及直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值影响大麦籽粒品质,进而决定其在食品、饲料加工行业的应用[4-5]。支链淀粉含量高于95%的大麦材料属于糯性大麦,其具有较高冷冻稳定性、易膨化等特性,适于冷冻食品和膨化食品加工。大麦淀粉含量除受遗传控制外,还易受环境与栽培等因素的影响[6],是一个复杂的数量性状[7],数量性状受微效多基因控制,这些基因被称为数量性状基因座(quantitative trait loci,QTL),其表型分布通常表现为连续的正态分布或接近正态分布。通过对大麦RIL群体籽粒直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量的QTL定位分析(QTL mapping analysis)研究,可以得大麦籽粒直链淀粉和支链淀粉相关遗传规律,为大麦籽粒淀粉品质育种提供依据,有利于提高大麦的产量和质量,提升啤酒产业的经济效益,带动农业的发展。
一、淀粉的特性、合成与水解
1.淀粉的组成
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