国内外同类研究概况
在国外招投标主要体现了公开竞争的原则，针对这一原则采取了相应的措施：（1）坚持公开招标制度。欧盟、美国、英国、意大利、瑞士等国都规定使用公共资金必须采取公开招标方式。实行招标制度的目的是为了保证公开竞争原则能够有效贯彻，以保证招标采购既经济节省又能使公共利益的重大实现。（2）明确招标步骤和程序。有标准的招标公告格式、标书格式、规范和合同样本，对招投标的管理人员进行定位，确定不同的人员在招标过程中的工作范围。（3）明确强制招标的主体范围。（4）明确强制招标的限额。世界各国和国际组织关于物质采购和工程，服务项目招标，都有限额规定。低于限额的可以不招标。（5）明确招标方式。主要有三种：a. 公开招标；b. 选择性招标；c. 限制性招标。
招标虽然在中国存在了二十多年，但是真正的发展只有这七年左右的时间。（1）中国各地招标投标程序不规范，招标投标的相关法律法规只是对招标的原则性问题做了相应的规定，招标投标的具体程序没有也不可能作详细的规定，从目前的市场情况来看, 不同地区的招标程序各有不同。虽然各地的招标都能顺利进行，但是每个招标程序都有不同的漏洞，招标诉讼每天都有，对招标行业的影响极坏。因此，招标投标程序的规范是目前招标实际操作过程中亟需解决的问题。（2）随着招标工作的开展，招标投标活动中一些违规甚至是违法的行为也凸现出来。主要原因在于：工程招标投标各方的法律意识不强，历史遗留下来的定标随意性大的传统， 招标投标工程中监管力度不大，监管不全面，有的是主管部门和招标人串通，有的是招标人和评委串通，有的是招标代理公司和招标人及投标人串通，目的是意向中标。因此我们除了增强法律法规意识，更有义务在提高我们自身素质的前提下，避免可能出现的招标漏洞。（3）目前，招标行业还是处于各地各自为政的阶段。主要原因是地方主管部门对市场放开的力度和决心不够，当然也与地方的经济发展不平衡有关。任何一个行业，如果从业者各自为政，互不交流，整个行业素质绝对难以提高。
从国家角度来说，实施招标是作为反腐倡廉的手段；从行业角度来说，是作为优化行业资源配置、降低项目实施成本、保证质量的前提；从企业角度来说，是作为企业优胜劣汰、提高素质、不断发展的根本。加大招标力度，使招标成为社会共识。招标已经取得可喜的成就，但是目前的招标大部分是强制性招标，招标尚未被社会全面接受。只要招标在实施过程中有抵抗因素存在，就会有大量的漏洞。招标需要各方共同努力，从政府、招标人到社会各界都公平、公正、公开对待工程招标工作，加强招标管理力度，制度健全、措施得当，使招标工作步入正轨。
翻译：
Tendering abroad mainly embodies the principle of open competition. Appropriate measures have been taken to address this principle.(1)Adhere to open tendering, The European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy and other countries stipulate that the use of public funds must take the form of public tenders. The purpose of the tendering system is to ensure the effective implementation of the principle of open competition and tender and purchase can not only save money but also make the public interest realize.(2)Clarifying tendering procedures. There are standard forms of tendering announcement, tendering forms, specifications and samples of contracts to locate the tendering managers and determine the scope of work for different personnel in the tendering process.(3)Clarifying the principal scope of compulsory tendering.(4)Clarifying the limits of compulsory tendering. All the countries and international organizations in the world have quotas on procurement, construction and tendering for service items. Those below the quota may not tender.(5)Clarifying the method of tendering. There are three main types of the method of tendering is open tendering,selective tendering and restricted tendering.
Although the existence of the tender in China is for over two decades, but the real development is only for seven years or so.A number of problems still exist during the tendering process.(1)There are no standard tendering procedures in all parts of China, the relevant laws and regulations on tendering subject matter are only corresponding provisions on the principle of tendering, the specific procedures for tendering subject matter are not detailed provisions. Although tendering is carried out smoothly in all areas, each tendering procedure has different loopholes, and the tendering proceedings are daily and have a very bad impact on the tendering industry. Therefore, the standard of tendering procedure is an urgent problem to solve in the actual operation of bidding.(2)With the development of tendering, some illegal behaviors in tender and bid activities are also prominent.The main reasons are: the legal consciousness of the parties to the project bidding is not strong, the tender and bid project supervision is not strong, supervision is not comprehensive, some competent departments and bidders colluded, some bidders and judges colluded, some bidding agencies and bidders colluded, their aim is to bid. Therefore, in addition to strengthening the awareness of laws and regulations, we have the obligation to improve the public awareness of fair and avoid possible loopholes in tendering.(3)At present, tendering industry is still at the stage of local silos.The main reason is the lack of strength and commitment of local authorities to market liberalization and the imbalance in local economic development.In any industry, it is absolutely impossible to improve the quality of the entire industry if the practitioners are fragmented and do not interact with each other.
From a national point of view, tendering is used as a means to combat corruption and promote integrity.From the angle of industry, tendering is the premise of optimizing the allocation of industry resources, reducing project implementation cost and ensuring quality.From the point of view of the enterprise, the implementation of tendering is the basis of the enterprise survival of the fittest, improve quality.Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen the tendering and make it a social consensus. Promising achievements have been made, but most of the tenders are now mandatory and have not yet been fully accepted by society.So long as there are resistance factors in the process of tendering, there will be a large number of man-made loopholes.tendering should be changed actively. It needs the joint efforts of all parties, from the government, the tenderer to all sectors of society to treat the project tendering fair and openly, to strengthen the tendering management, to make the system sound, measures appropriate and make the tendering work on the right track.
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