A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reports About Sino-Japanese Relationship中日关系新闻报道的批评话语分析文献综述

 2022-09-09 16:00:33

Literature review

1.2.1 Studies abroad

Though systematic studies of the news arose with the advancement of mass media in the 1920s, the studies of mass media were carried out in thoroughly different directions from the very beginning. The approach of media sociology was prevailing in the United States, while the critical approach became popular in the European Continent (van Dijk, 1988). Unlike American linguists who advocated the approach of media sociology, the scholars of CDA claimed that there were dominance and inequality in the economical, political and cultural discourses. They believed that the unequal power influences every procedure of news constructing, including news information gathering, news selecting, news processing and news publishing. CDA originated together with the needs of analyzing news discourses (Fairclough, 1989, 1992).

Critical linguistics, the early form of critical discourse analysis was first put forwarded by British linguists Fowler, Hodge, Kress, Trew and others in the book Language and Control in 1979. Fairclough, an important member of the British Lancaster school, regarded CDA as “theories and methods for the empirical study of the relations between discourse and social and cultural developments in different social domains” (Fairclough, 1955). CDA bridges a close relationship between language and society, and whatrsquo;s more, stresses the meaning construction processes as well as social settings. In 1989, Fairclough proposed a three-dimensional model, which has been adopted as the theoretical framework in many studies. In this model, the importance of “intertexuality” is emphasized since it acts as a link between text changes and changes of social practice.

Tuen van Dijk is a representative of Holland school of cognition. He claimed that the aim of CDA was “beyond description and superficial application, critical science in each domain asks further questions, such as those of responsibility, interests and ideology” (Xu, 2009). The socio-cognitive approach he developed asserts that “the analysis of discourse needs to relate with lsquo;cognitive interfacersquo; of ideologies and social representations of the social mind” (van Dijk, 1997). The social ideology and newspaperrsquo;s own political stand can have an influence on the arrangement of news reports and its overall semantics. The headlines, the choice of words, the arrangement of sentences all reveal the differences of ideological backgrounds.

Fowler claimed that for Cognitive Linguistics, “language is an integral part of social process”; “There are strong and pervasive connections between linguistic structure and social structure” (Fowler et al., 1979). He regarded CDA as an exercise in “instrumental linguistics”. In the book Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press, he illustrated the frame work of CDA through some specific news texts, and focused on the transitivity, the use of passive forms, nominalization and modality.

Kress insisted that the phenomena such as imbalances in international communication and information were to be found in the most unremarkable and everyday of texts—and not only in texts which declared their special status in some way ( Kress, 1990). Thus he devoted to analyzing the discourse from the perspective of social semiotics. He advocated applying the theory of CDA into wider research field, which was given detailed ideas in his works, Social Semantics (1988) and Reading Imaged (2001).

Wodak, a prominent figure of Viennese school, developed the Discourse-Historical Approach, which “ emphasizes the fact that the scientific work process instituted by the human has always formed part of the historical-social context it strives to identify by acts of cognition” (Weiss amp; Wodak, 2002). It is based “on sociolinguistics in the Bernsteinian tradition, and on the ideas of the Frankfurt school, especially those of Juuml;rgen Habermas” (Wodak, 1995).The features of her approach are “involvement with power and ideologies”, “historic” (similar to Faircloughrsquo;s notion of intertextuality), and “interpretation”. The analytical model of DHA involves three steps-content, discourse strategy and linguistic form of text.

1.2.2 Studies at home

Compared with the CDA study aboard, the similar domestic studies are more than 20 years later. The studies of CDA in China started in the late of 1990s. Its theoretical basis, the main ideas, analytical tools and development process are systematically illustrated in “An introduction and evaluation to Critical Linguistics” (Chen, 1995). According to Lan Xijunrsquo;s research (2011), there has been a steady increase in the number of research paper since 1995. It appeals to many scholars and occupies an important status in the field of discourse analysis.

The research paper of CDA at home can be classified into three types. The first type is the articles about introduction of foreign CDA theories, modes, methodologies, new development, and research status quo abroad. For example, Xin Bin, an outstanding figure in CDA at home, introduced Thompsonrsquo;s methodological framework in his article “On the methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis”(2002). Ji Weining (2008) made an outline and comparison among the 5 main critical schools introduced in“Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis”. The second type is the articles about the reflection of CDA and the exploration of new research methods. Zheng Yingchao (2011) rethought about CDA from the two perspectives which are critical discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar connection, and Faircloughrsquo;s and Hallidayrsquo;s functions correspondence. The third type is the application of CDA into various field including economy, education, politics, literacy, and media. For instance, Wang Xi (2010) applied the CDA into education field, investigating its contribution of CDA to education research.

Research papers related to the critical discourse analysis of media were collected by searching “news”, “critical discourse analysis” on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). When it came to methods, most of them adopted Faircloughrsquo;s three-dimensional model or Hallidayrsquo;s three meta-functions of language. Zhang Liaoliao (2011) revealed the bias and ideology underlying a VOA news report US Lawmakers, Activists Press China to Improve Human Rights by analyzing its classification system, transitivity system, and modality system. Zhang Sijun (2012) unveiled the bias of China by analyzing about 20 news reports on “selling weapon on Taiwan” from the aspects of lexical classification, transitivity, and modality. Ji (2013) applied “Discourse-Historical Approach” put forward by Wodak to revealing the irresponsible and image of China in. Three methods, i.e. van Dijkrsquo;s Socio-Cognitive Approach, Wodakrsquo;s Discourse-Historical Approach and Hallidayrsquo;s Systematic-Functional Grammar, are used to discuss how Chinarsquo;s image is discursively constructed in New York Times (Ma, 2012).

剩余内容已隐藏，您需要先支付 10元 才能查看该篇文章全部内容！立即支付

以上是毕业论文文献综述，课题毕业论文、任务书、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。

您可能感兴趣的文章